Spirit Of A Late Victorian Age Essays - English-language Films

Spirit Of A Late Victorian Age The Spirit of a late Victorian Age. With reference to Bram Stoker's Dracula. Stoker's monstrous figure, Count Dracula, has today reached epic and almost mythical proportions, like Frankestein (not the doctor), the Gordon Medusa, even Virginia Woolf (thanks to Albee). Like the aforementioned examples, what we associate in our minds to be these monsters, mostly conditioned by popular culture and Hollywood, are merely visual representation. In the novel itself, however, according to other essayists who have thoroughly examined this piece, Dracula represents an entire genre of thinking and human development, concentrated in the prose of literature. Mark M. Hennelly, Jr. identifies Dracula as an allegory of rival epistimologies in quest of a gnosis which will rehabilitate the Victorian wasteland; and as its conclusion dramatizes, this rehabilitation demands, a transfusion, the metaphor is inevitable, from the blood-knowledge of Dracula (Literature of the Occult, 140). By the Victorian wasteland the essayist here is referring the superfluity and the redundancy of the Victorians, particularly the nouveau riche and the middle class. The homes of these upper classes are lacking space as much as the small rooms in which the proletariat are forced to stay; the former lack space because of an accumulation of furniture and objects, the latter because of the smallness of the rooms themselves. The epistimologies in rival are the rational and the irrational. Beneath the ordered society of his time each [novelist of the Irrational] say an unordered chaos, a world disintegrating, a new order waiting to be established (Literature of the Occul t, 143). This duality between the rational and the irrational could only be captured in a novel that is unmistakably Gothic and Romantic. The novel begins with a travel diary (Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism, 35) of Jonothan Harkens, the young British lawyer who has been hired to handle Count Dracula's estate. Particularly, Count Dracula's strange castle which stands at the edge of a cliff. Jonothan Harkens becomes a prisoner (Dracula, 47) in this enormous tower in which there are no servants (Dracula, 32) and yet there is a redundancy of furniture and space and books. This device as a literary device works on the reader because he becomes engrossed in Harkens sincere writings and becomes a part of the castle. The castle itself represents one aspect of the Gothic, the second of which I will expatiate upon later. The castle itself becomes a body, a vessel, if you will, from which there is no escape unless the owner of the castle allows him to. There is a kind of Medieval morbidity that underlies this idea but what Stoker was doing was using the gothic genre to push against the rational and tend into the realm of fantasy and the occult. By rendering Count Dracula's as a silent character creates a stable focus for the rest of the changing narrators. That is to say, while the narration passes from Mina to Harkens to Lucy the castle itself remains a silent counterpart. Why is this important? Like I have mentioned earlier, there is a kind of Medieval morbidity to personifying the castle. This represents both the body and the spirit screaming to a God who as pious persons we must believe in but in actuality we never do get to see. There is no doubt that the Western European characters are at least nominal Christians or that the English characters are adherents to the Church of England, Carol Senf writes in Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism (67). A good example of this is when Jonothan Harkens is offered a rosary. I did not know what to do, for as an English Churchman, I have been taught that these things as...idolatrous, and yet it seemed so ungracious to refuse an old lady (Dracula, 67). This kind of ambivalence and rival of epistimologies runs throughout the entire novel, where the very nature of duality is concentrated. The blood is the life, and for Victorian scientists, genetic material circulated in the bloodstream...because it contained the information that communicated the animal's or human's mental and physical makeup (Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism, 75). Although this theory is unmistakably Darwin, what it tends to identify is a group of people who believed in Darwin's biology and

Show how Lukes presentation differs from Jewish expectations Essay Example

Show how Lukes presentation differs from Jewish expectations Essay Example Show how Lukes presentation differs from Jewish expectations Essay Show how Lukes presentation differs from Jewish expectations Essay Essay Topic: Great Expectations One of Lukes main interests in Jesus was his preaching on the Kingdom of God. As Luke was arguably a gentile, he wanted to prove to all people that the Kingdom was present and that everyone is welcome to become a member. However what Luke wrote about the kingdom in some areas did contradict the Jews expectations. For example, Jewish understanding of the kingdom was that a divine rule would be the counterpart of the earthly kingship. This goes back to Old Testament when the prophet Samuel first anointed the first Jewish King Saul, as so was King David. The anointing of a king meant that they would represent Gods rule and would be regarded as God-sent.Jewish understanding of the kingdom increased significantly after Israel lost her independence in C6 BCE. Concepts of King and Messiah emerged during the inter-testamental era. The heavenly hosts of angels would defeat the devil and his armies and heaven would literally be created on earth. Essenes took particular interest in this belief as they searched for liberation and the coming of the kingdom of God. Another concept consists of no war. However gentiles would realise that there is no other saviour than Israels God, and would thus worship God and acquiesce to the Jews.Jesus concept however of the Kingdom differed to that of the Jews as to them, the Kingdom of God would be much more earthly. As in Mark 1:15, the Kingdom of God has arrived. Jesus thus believed the kingdom to be a present reality in himself and his ministry the kingdom of God is within you (Luke 17:21). However there have been three suggestions about the real meaning of eschatology. Futurist eschatology embrace Jesus teachings as a meaning that Gods kingdom will come in a tangible form at a time that is still in the future. This can be rectified as the parousia. According to Albert Schweitzer, who first popularised this idea meant however, that Jesus held the same expectations as many Jewish apocalyptic writers of his day. He suggested that Jesus b elieved God would intervene immediately in the affairs of humanity and that his own lifes work would be the divisive climax that would come within Jesus lifetime.However C.H. Dodd contradicted Schweitzers theory on futurist eschatologyand introduced his theory on realised eschatology. According to Dodd what Jesus was really saying was that the new society had arrived in his own person through his teachings thus Jesus teaching is inaugural eschatology. The coming of Jesus is thus the coming of Gods eternal reign.Miracles are much easier to understand if they are regarded as signs that God was creating a new society right there and then. To put these miracles into context, according to 1st century Jewish thinking, if one was ill, it was either due to their parents sins, or their own. However when Jesus healed the sick, for example the lame man, Jesus himself said, friend your sins are forgivenpick up your mat and walk. This healing shows scholars today that to heal a person, was to fo rgive them, thus bring them back to God.Parables that appear to be concerned with the last days, such as the 10 bridesmaids or the rich fool, may not be a clear explanation of the final days however the challenge that all people when they are confronted with the message about Jesus and Gods new society. Dodd argues that the parable of the Great banquet does not in fact suggest that those who didnt turn up to the banquet would not get a place in heaven however he states that those who didnt turn up to the banquet, in fact turned up late and thus be given a second chance. This does seem to agree with his theory on realised eschatology, in that the kingdom is present and that everyone is given another opportunity.A third theory of eschatology is called inaugurated eschatology. This recognises that Gods new society did actually come in Jesus however the complete fulfilment was still seen in the future. This theory takes the best of both futurist and realised eschatology. This view recog nises that Gods new society came in Jesus hence his teaching is inaugurated. This theory also recognises Schweitzers theory on futurist eschatology as it considers Jesus background as a first century Jew thus his teaching includes future events such as the downfall of the Temple, and the resurrection as part of the consummation of Gods society.What did Jesus mean about the Kingdom of God? The kingdom is defined as the state or territory ruled by a king. In this case, as Luke suggests, God was going to set up a new state and rule it himself, however rather than being a material state, such as Israel, as it was in the Old Testament, it would be spiritual state for all mankind.When Jesus spoke about the Kingdom he mentioned in the Lords prayer FatherThy kingdom come. Jesus uses the word Abba as if talking to an earthly father. This becomes much more personal and develops a much more loving relationship in comparison to that of the Old Testament, where all Jews feared a jealous God. The word Abba indicates the uniqueness of the relationship between Jesus and his Father.Jesus saw the Kingdom of God as a New Israel, just as all first century Jews of his believed. Jesus taught that Gods rule requires realm in which to work. He speaks of men entering or being cast out of the kingdom. Parables such as the mustard seed with its reference to birds nestling in its branches shows that Jesus has the gathering of a whole society in mind, or it could be described that if anyone has a small amount of faith, it will grow and influence others, just as the disciples preached and converted many to Christianity and those who died in Jesus name also influence others and strengthened their faith. Jesus also speaks of himself as a shepherd gathering his flock. In order to put his beliefs into practice however, Jesus had to ordain others to carry the Kerygma far and wide after his death and resurrection as prophesied in Luke 24:47-48, repentance and forgiveness of sins will be preached in his name to all nationsyou are witnesses of these thingsI am going to send you what God has promised.Jesus called the twelve disciples, in parallel to the twelve tribes of Israel. This symbolic meaning could be translated into the fact that Jesus wanted his Holy word to be spread round the whole world beginning in Jerusalem, as mentioned in Luke 24:26. This would be beginning of the creation of the New Israel. The disciples were sent out to proclaim the Kingdom (Luke9:1-2) He gave them power to drive out all demons and to cure diseasessent them out to preach the kingdom of God.In the Last Supper, Jesus himself shared the New Covenant; I will not eat and drink from this cup until it finds fulfilment of in the kingdom of God. The significance of the Last Supper in context of the kingdom, is that in the Old Testament Moses made a covenant with God using bulls blood, however it was not eternal as it had been broken several times by the Israelites, however Jesus died on the cross to bridge an eternal relationship with God, for all people.In Lukes gospel, the kingdom is centred in Christ, (Luke 18:29) for the sake of the kingdom of God. Mark writes, the Kingdom of God came with power. The gospel writers all assumed the same meaning between the kingdom of God and Christ. Jews believed that the Christ would rather lead an earthly kingdom following the Torah laws, however they didnt expect a heavenly spiritual Christ. What Jesus says, was originally taken from Daniel 7: Son of Manand he was given dominion and a kingdom that all peoples and nations would serve himthe saints of the Most High shall receive the kingdom and possess the kingdom forever.This means that God gives the kingdom to the Son of Man and the Saints of the Most High will also receive it. This could explain why in Lukes gospel, Jesus promises the kingdom to those who believe in His name (Luke 9:24) for whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me will save it. Howev er in order to fulfil his destiny Jesus had to suffer, die and rise again on the third day, therefore fulfilling the scriptures and Isaiahs suffering servant prayer.Jews believed that in order to inherit the Kingdom of heaven you had to be a Jew and follow the law, which God gave to them. However in Lukes gospel, Jesus tells his disciples and followers, to carry his cross and follow him. In order to inherit the kingdom, just as Jesus suffered and died for our sins, to be a disciple, you must not carry material possessions but put others before yourself. Jewish teaching on an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth had now changed to forgiving others and treat others as yourself.The consummation of the kingdom however is still yet to come. Despite Jesus prophecies that he will die and rise on the third day, Jesus also prophesied of a second coming as mentioned earlier, the parousia. Mark 13:26, and they will see the Son of Man coming in cloudsbefore him will be gathered all the nation s and he will separate them from one another as a shepherd separates the sheep from goats. Schweitzer believed that Jesus death was in vain and did not fulfil its purpose, however Dodd has argued that Jesus fulfilled Old Testament scriptures and is still yet to complete the coming of Judgement day. It has been argued that the fire of Rome was arguably the beginning of the end as all Christians were persecuted, (Luke21:12) but before all this they must first lay hands on you and persecute you. The destruction of the Temple was also predicted, thus many people perceived the end of days were near. In Pauls writings, he writes with a sense of urgency and says do not marry, or sin for the end of days are near, be ready! However many Christians today believe that the end of days are still to come, which both Jews and Christians alike await.In conclusion, Jewish understanding of the Kingdom of God slightly differs to that of Jesus teachings. Jews expected an earthly king to come and libera te them from the occupation of the Romans, as Jesus entered Jerusalem, they expected him to ride on a horse with armament as a fighting leader, on the contrary Jesus was humble and instead rode on a donkey. In Lukes gospel as well as the other gospel writers, the Kingdom is portrayed as a spiritual kingdom for all people united as one. Jewish leaders of the day took this teaching as an insult to the Jewish nation as they had been waiting centuries to be set free and yet they didnt get their earthly response. However one agreement between Christians and Jews alike, is that they still await the Judgement Day in earnest and the coming of Christ in order to consummate the kingdom.

John Jay essays

John Jay essays Jay was born on December 12, 1745 to one of New York's most influential families. Self-confident, he was marked from the beginning as a person of uncommon intellectual ability. He graduated from King's College (now Columbia University) in 1764 and was admitted to the New York bar four years later. In 1773, as secretary of the Royal Mixed Commission, Jay observed the settlement of a boundary dispute between New Jersey and New York through arbitration. The success of the arbitration technique evidently made a lasting impression on him. Twenty-one years later, he recommended arbitration as a way of resolving differences between the United States and Great Britain. Jay's active involvement in the First Continental Congress ended his private law practice and drew him into full-time public service. Afraid of unleashing the prejudices of the masses, Jay opposed independence, but once the decision was made, he loyally supported the American Revolution. After helping to draft New York's new constitution and serving for a few months as the state of New York's first chief justice, Jay was elected president of the Second Continental Congress on December 10, 1778. Jay served as minister to Spain from 1780 to 1782, then joined in the peace talks in Paris. His insistence that the American commissioners be regarded as representatives of the United States, not of the "Colonies," delayed the negotiations and may have cost the United States possession of Canada, which the British might have been willing to surrender in exchange for an early end to the war. Jay also shared responsibility with John Adams for suing for peace without consultation with France. After the treaty ending the war (the Treaty of Paris) was signed in September 1783, Jay returned to New York. Jay had planned to resume his private law practice on his return. Instead, the Continental Congress, in his absence abroad, had elected him secretary of foreign affairs. The position ...

59 Great Medical Programs for High School Students + Advice

59 Great Medical Programs for High School Students + Advice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thinking about a career in medicine? I highly recommend trying out some medical experiences in high school before committing to a pre-med track. Many of my high school friends whohoped to go into medicine ended up changing their major duringcollege when the pre-med courses got too difficult. Doing a medicalinternship, summer program, or community service projectin high school can help you decide if medicine is the right track for you before you waste time and money goingpre-med in college.This guide will explainwhat experiences are open to you as a high school student, what those experiences involve, andhow youwill benefit from them. What Medical Experiences Are Available to High School Students? There are lots of ways to get a taste of it's like to work in medicine.In my opinion, the best time to do this is over the summer. You have the most free time during the summer, and there are more experiences available. There are many summer medical programs and summer medical internships for high school students across the country. These opportunities range from research experiences to in-hospital experiences. Some of these programs and internships charge you a fee to attend, some are paid for, and some even pay you to attend. I’ve compiled a list of over 50 summer medical programsfor high school students.Severalof these programs and internships are just for students from a specific state or area.Check specific programs for application requirements and fees. I've provided links to each program below. If you’d like to get experience during the school year (on weekends and after school), you should consider shadowing a doctor or volunteering at a hospital.I’ll discuss the details of volunteering and job shadowing later in the article. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. List of Summer Medical Programs for High School Students I've divided up the summer medical programs into three categories: Medical Programs, Medical Research Programs, and general Science Research Programs. Medical Programs In the medical programs category, I list programs that offer high school students the chance to get hands-on experience in medicine (non-research related) such aslearning simple medical procedures, watching surgeries, shadowing doctors, workingin hospitals, interacting with patients, and more. There are very few programs that offer this type of experience to high school students, and Ihighly recommend them since they'll give you the most realistic look atwhat life's like as a pre-medstudent,medical student, and medical professional. Program Host Institute/Hospital Location Cost Program Length High School Senior Summer Internship Program Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH No cost. Interns are paid up to $1,368 8 weeks Medical Immersion Summer Academy Mentoring in Medicine and Science Oakland, CA $1,000 5 days Medicine Health Care Program National Student Leadership Council Various universities throughout the US $3,195- $3,495 9 days Stanford Medical Youth Science Program Stanford University Stanford, CA No cost 5 weeks Summer Medical Academy Rady Children's Hospital and UC San Diego San Diego, CA $2,450 12 days UPenn Medicine Summer Program for High School Students University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA $7,995-$8,510 4 weeks Medical Research Programs If you're unable to do one of the above medical programs, the next best thing is a medical research program. In these programs, you'll be working in a lab and helping with medical research that's in progress (i.e. looking at slides under a microscope, recording changes)or assisting with on-going clinical research (i.e. interviewing participants in an on-going trial of new medication, logging participant information in the computer). Many of these programs pair you with a mentor who works at your location. Also, several of these programs require you to give a presentation at the end of the program. These medical research programs are extremely valuable because, as a pre-med student, you'll likely end up doing lab work either for class or as an extracurricularforyour medical school application.If you do one of these programs in high school, you'll be a step ahead of your pre-med classmates. (One quick note: many of these programs are free or pay stipends, but not every program provides free housing. Make sure you check each program's housing accommodations before you apply!) Program Host Institute/Hospital Location Cost Program Length Summer Science Internship Program Arthritis Foundation California No cost. Interns are paid $1,500 7weeks Summer Scholars Biology Research Immersion Program Buck Institute for Research on Aging Novato, CA $2,500 8 weeks Disease Detective Camp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Atlanta, Georgia No cost 5 days Summer Child Health Research Internship Children's Hospital Colorado Aurora, CO No cost. Interns are paid $3,500 8 weeks Summer Research Program Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute Oakland, CA No cost 9 weeks Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH No costs. Interns receive a stipend of up to $3,078 9 weeks City of Hope Cancer Center Eugene and Ruth Roberts Summer Student Academy Duarte, CA No cost. Students receive a stipend of $4,000 10 weeks Summer Experience for Students Coriell Institute for Medical Research Camden, NJ No cost. Students receive a stipend of $1,000 3.5 weeks Initiative to Eliminate Cancer Disparities, The Continuing Umbrella of Research Experiences CURE(Summer Only) Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Boston, MA No cost. 8-12 weeks Summer Research Program Indiana University Cancer Center Indianapolis, IN No cost. 8weeks High School Summer Internship Program Magee Women's Research Institute Pittsburgh, PA No cost. 4 weeks Summer Research Internship Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience Jupiter, FL No cost.Students are paid $.50/hour. 6 weeks Summer Internships for High School and College Students McLaughlin Research Institute Great Falls, MT No cost. 8 weeks High School Summer Program MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX No cost. 6weeks Diversity Summer Enrichment Programs Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI No cost. Students receive a stipendat the end of the program. 6 weeks Werner H. Kirsten Student Intern Program National Cancer Institute Frederick, MD No cost. Students receive a $3,600 stipend 8 weeks NEI Summer Intern Program National Eye Institute Bethesda, MD Rockville, MD No cost. Students receive a monthly stipend. 8-12 weeks Summer Internship Program in Biomedical Research NIH Bethesda, MD No cost. Students receive amonthly stipend of $1,930. minimum of 8 weeks Summer Student Program National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases Bethesda, MD No cost. Students receive amonthly stipend of $1,930. minimum 8 weeks National Institute on Drug Abuse: Summer Research with NIDA NIDA Various universities throughout the US No cost. Interns are paid $12 an hour. 8 weeks NIDDK Short-term Education Program for Underrepresented Persons STEP-UP - High School Program National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD No cost. Students receive a stipend (amount varies) 8-10 weeks Summer Internship Program National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC No cost. Students are paid per hour (salary varies) 8 weeks Summer Program in the Neurological Sciences National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Bethesda, MD No cost. Students receive a stipend. minimum 8 weeks Summer Cancer Research Experience Program for High School Students Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo, NY No cost.Limited, need-based stipends available. 7 weeks Stanford Institutes of Medicine Summer Research Program Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA No cost. Students receive stipends from $500 to $1500 8 weeks Summer Student Program The Jackson Laboratory Bar Harbor, ME andFarmington, CT No cost. Students receive a stipend of $5,250 10 weeks Helios Scholars Program Translational Genomics Research Institute Phoenix, AZ No cost. Students are paid $10.50 an hour 8 weeks High School Student Research Apprentice Program University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT $2,050minimum, with discounts for students who enroll in multiple sessions. 1-4 weeks Summer Cancer Research Internship for High School and Undergraduate Students University of Hawaii, Cancer Center Honolulu, HI No cost. Students are paid $10.60 an hour. 8weeks Summer Research Scholars Program University of Minnesota Medical School, Lillehei Heart Institute Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN No cost. Students receive a stipend of $3,000. 9 weeks Travis B. Lewis High School Scholarship Award Program University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology Experimental Neuroscience Omaha, NE No cost. Students receive a stipend of $1,500. up to 10 weeks Biomedical Research Training for High School Students University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX No cost. 8 weeks Summer Fellowship Program in Biomedical Research Wistar Institute Philadelphia, PA No cost. Students receive a stipend (amount varies). 8weeks Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Science Research Programs If you can't do one of the medical research or medical programs, you should consider trying to do a science summer program/internship. These programs are not medicine-specific and cover a wide range of science topics (from plant life to space). However, these programs are still very valuable because as a pre-med student, you'll be learning a ton ofscience. As a part of your pre-med track, you'll be required to take Biology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, and more. Doing one of these science programs willgive you a preview of the coursework ahead of you. Also, many of these programs are lab work, and, although they're not focused on medical research, they will still give you good general insights into how to do lab work. As I said before,as a pre-med student, you'll likely end up doing lab work either for class or as an extracurricularforyour medical school application.If you do one of these programs, you'll bewell-prepared to do that research. Program Host Institute/Hospital Location Cost Program Length Plant Genome Internship Cornell University Boyce Thompson Institute Ithaca, NY No cost. Students receive a stipendof $1,050. 7weeks Aspiring Scientists Summer Internship Program George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia No cost. 8-10weeks Army Educational Outreach Programs Department of Defense Washington, DC Varies. Some scholarships and grants are available. Varies depending on program Internship Program J. Craig Venter Institute Rockville, MD No cost.Students are paid $13.00 an hour 8-12 weeks Maine Research Internships for Teachers and High School Students MERITS Maine Space Grant Consortium Augusta, ME No cost. Students earn a stipend (amount undisclosed). 6 weeks Research Science Institute Massachusetts Institute of Technology - MIT Cambridge, MA No cost. 5 weeks Monell Science Apprenticeship Program Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA No cost. Students receive a stipend (amount varies). 8weeks Summer Research Program Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ No cost. Students are paid about $9 per hour. 12 weeks Summer Youth Internship Program Museum of Science Boston, MA No cost. Positions can be paid or unpaid, depending on program. Varies National Space Club Scholars Program National Aeronautics and Space Administration Greenbelt, MD Wallops Island, VA No cost. Students receive a stipend of $2,100. 6 weeks OARDC Research Internships in Wooster ORIP Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, OH No cost. Students receive a stipend (amount varies). 10 weeks Apprenticeships in Science and Engineering (ASE) program Saturday Academy Oregon Southwest Washington $250 8 weeks High School Student Research Education Program Scripps Research Institute Jupiter, FL No cost. Students are paid $.50 per hour 8weeks Howard Hughes Medical Institute Program University of Maryland College Park, MD $200 1 week Howard Hughes Medical Institute High School Scholars University of Miami Miami, FL No cost. Some students receive stipends. 7 weeks Internships for High School State University of New York College at Oneonta Cooperstown, NY No cost. Interns receive a stipend of $1,750-$2,000 10 weeks Educational Outreach Program The Forsyth Institute Boston, MA No cost. Students are paid an hourly wage (amount varies) 8 weeks Geosciences Bridge Program University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Living Marine Resources Cooperative Science Center Princess Anne, MD No cost. Students are paid $500 per week. 6 weeks Bioscience Summer Research Program for High School Students University of Utah, Department of Biology Salt Lake City, UT No cost. 8weeks Summer Research Apprentice Program University of Wyoming Laramie, WY Varies depending on program. Varies depending on program. What Are the Pros and Cons of These Programs? These medical programs can be a great experience for many high school students, but they can have some drawbacks. In this section we'll look at the pros and cons of medical programs for high school students. Pros These programs and internships provide a real look atwhat life's like asa researcher, scientist, or medical student. You'll have a great sense of whether or not you'd like to pursue a career in the medical field after you finish your program. If you do a college campus program, you'll geta preview of college life. You can experience living away from home, and you can decide if you like the college. I did a summer program at UCLA during high school, and it made me realize that UCLA was not the school for me. As I said before, these opportunities give you the chance to evaluate if pre-med is the track you want to go down before you wastetime and money in college. If you love your program, you'll be even more motivated towork hard to become a medical professional. You'll meet like-minded students who’re interested in medicine/science. You'll have a great program or internship on your college application. By actually participating in a medical/science program, you'll show colleges that you're committed to pursuing a career in the medicalfield. If you attend a college campus program, and you’re interested in going to college at the school that hostedthe program, you’ll have shown real interest in that college (which admissions officers always like to see). Cons These programs can be expensive (depending on the program you choose,some can cost almost $10,000). However, some programs pay you! Make sure you check out the individual program websites to find out the cost. And like we mentioned before, pay careful attention to housing! Some programs might offer stipends, but they may not cover housing costs. Also, they canbe highly competitive (some admit very few students or have special qualifications such as having a 3.5 GPA or higher). Some may not provide you with the best insight into medicine, especially those that are less hands-on or only offer research exposure (which is not what you’ll necessarily be interested in). Other Options: Hospital Volunteer orShadowing a Doctor Volunteering and job shadowing are both great ways to participate inmedical experiences at your local hospital. You can do themduring the school year or the summer. Also, both opportunities are free! What's the difference between volunteering job shadowing a doctor? As a hospital volunteer, you'll have to apply (and likely interview) to be a volunteer (along with getting a TB test and filling out paperwork). You'll attend a hospital volunteer orientation and be assigned a specific "job" at the hospital (such as assisting the nurses or assisting hospital visitors in navigating the hospital). As a volunteer, you'll be required to commit to volunteering for a certain number of shifts per week. You also may have to commit to volunteering for six months or more. Job shadowing is a shorter experience and much less formal. You can shadow a doctor for as little time as a few hours or a day or two. While shadowing, youfollow adoctor around while theygo about their normal activities. They may ask you to help them with basic tasks (grabbing a chart or taking notes), but probably not. You'll be there to see what a doctor does in their daily routine to determine if it interests you. To sign up to be a hospital volunteer, apply through the hospital's website. If you're having trouble locating the hospital's website or contact information, check with your school academic advisor.They may have a connection to the local hospital or might know another student whohas volunteered or job shadowed there andwho could help you get involved. To find ajob shadowingopportunity, reach out to any friends or family whowork in the medical field. See if they know any doctors whomyou could shadow. Also, ask your school's academic advisor if they know other studentswhoshadowed a doctor andcould give you more information.If your school can’t help you, get in touch with the hospital directly to see if they can help you set up a job shadowing opportunity.If you need more advice onjob shadowing, read our other guide. What Are the Pros and ConsofShadowing a Doctor orBeing a Hospital Volunteer? Shadowing a doctor or being a hospital volunteer is a significantly different experience than participating in a summer medical program, and they have their own set of pros and cons. Pros As opposed to summer programs, these experiences are always free.As I said above, some medicalprograms and internships can cost up to $10,000 (so much!). Job shadowing and being a hospital volunteer arefree experiences that will only cost you your time. These are great options if you can't afford the cost of a summer program. Job shadowing and being a hospital volunteer can provide a real look into life as a doctor or nurse. By following them around or working in a hospital, you'll get a sense of the work environment and what life is like on a day-to-day basis fora medical professional. As I said before, these opportunities give you the chance to evaluate if pre-med is the track you want to go down before you spendtime and money in college. If you don't like your experience job shadowing or as a volunteer, you might realize pre-med isn't the right path for you. However, if you love your experience, you'll feel more motivated to work towards your goal of becoming a medical professional. Job shadowing is a great experience if you don't have a lot of time to commit. You can choose to job shadow for a few hours, a fullday, or for severaldays. It's very flexible. If you want to be pre-med, volunteering at a hospital is a great extracurricular activity for your college application. While volunteering elsewhere (at a homeless shelter, animal shelter, etc.) can be great for a college application, it's goodto keep your extracurriculars focused on your future goals. Volunteering at a hospital will show colleges that you're serious about a career in medicine. Cons Volunteer experience may not provide you with quite the medical experience you're looking for. Volunteering may not be very hands-on, and your duties may be repetitiveand not directly related to medicine,such as answering phones, filing papers, and helping visitors find where they're going. If you only job shadowfor a day, it's not a great experiencefor your college application. It's notan extracurricular activity if you only do it once because that doesn't show enough commitment. However, I recommend doing job shadowing just to get insight into the medical field. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. How to Choose the Right Medical Experience for You Eachof the medical experiences listed in this article hasvalue, but to decide which is right for you, you shouldask yourself three questions: #1: What Is Your Main Medical Interest? Are you more interested in research or patient care?If research, look into one of the summer research programs.If patient care, look into one of the hospital-based programs, job shadowing or being a hospital volunteer. #2: How Much Money Are You Willing to Spend? Do you have money to spend, do you have no money to spend, or do you need to have a job that pays? If you have money to spend, you can consider all of the options.If you have no money to spend, look into an all-expenses paid program (or one with financial aid). Also, consider volunteering or job shadowing since both arefree experiences.If you need a job that pays, look into the programs with stipends for participants. #3: How Much Time Do You Want to Invest in Your Experience? Do you want to spend a day, a few hours per week, or a few weeks full-time on this experience?If you want a quick experience, consider job shadowing a doctor for a day or two.If you’d like an on-going experience to use as an extracurricular, consider volunteering since you could do that a few hours per week throughout the school year.If you’d like an intensive experience, consider doing one of the summer programs or internships. Also, alwaysmake sure toresearch a program or experience before you commit to it. Doing so will help avoid a bad experience (such asa program that's not very hands-on or volunteer work that's mostly grunt work). Whatever you're interested in doing, try to find another student who did it previously and ask them about their experience. For the programs, get in touch with the program coordinator to see if they can put you in contactwith a program alum you can speak with. How Will Colleges View These Experiences? Colleges mainly look for extracurriculars that show your commitment, passion, and ability to handle responsibility and leadership. As I mentioned briefly above, job shadowing isn't a great experience for your college application because it's not enough of a commitment if you only do it for a few days. On the other hand, volunteering at a hospital is a great extracurricular activity for your college application because it shows a commitment to medicine. The summer programs and internships are also great experiences for your college application because they show that same interest in and commitment to medicine. Also, many of these programs and internships are competitive,and colleges know that. If you're accepted into one of those programs or internships, colleges will view it like you won a prestigious award. What’s Next? Doing a medical program is a great step, but what else do you need to do to prepare for med school? Check out our step-by-step guide to preparing for med school as a high school studentand our list of the best books for pre-med students. Also, you should learn about how to write about extracurriculars on college applications. Check out fouramazing examples of extracurriculars forcollege applications. Interested in a BS/MD program? They can be a great way to save some time and get your medical degree sooner. Read our guide on getting into BS/MD programs to learn more. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Economic Tiger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Tiger - Essay Example Singapore is one of the leading economies in the world and is one of the economic tigers experiencing rapid economic progress over the period of time. Though smaller in geographical size, Singapore is considered as one of the leading economic hubs in international economy. One of the essential characteristics of the growth rates achieved by Singapore was its highly skilled and educated labor force. (Tulshyan, 2010). It is also important to note that the Singapore, as against other countries in the block, developed itself also as a financial hub of the region rather than achieving the growth mainly through industrialization. The overall economic growth is attributed to the export led growth which is mostly controlled through the state owned institutions. (Medina, 1996). Export of chemicals, refined oil as well as electronics are the main source of revenue for the country. Though geographically Singapore may be at disadvantage owing to its overall size and proximity with other countrie s, however, Singapore has been able to achieve the economic growth through a mixture of economic liberalization and state controlled institutions which are supporting the economy and creating the required level of economic prosperity.

Childhood Prejudice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Childhood Prejudice - Essay Example This will be elaborated and pointed out in the succeeding pages. According to Piaget, the stages of cognitive development, plays an important role in the learning ability of a child. Learning process involves the introduction of a stimulus for orientation and it teaches the child the manner of response in accordance with what is learned. Furthermore, cognition involves a schema that follows a chronological order that allows no interruption, otherwise will create an adverse effect. This involves the encoding of the perceived stimuli followed by the storing of the data encoding in the memory. Finally the retrieval of such memory when the need arise thus completing the entire process. This cycle follows a patter in processing information along with the other psychological and biological skills. The impact of this process is also determined by the social and environmental factors present, together with the constant reinforcement aid of education and authorities. Should there be a flaw, disruption or inadequacies to that process, learning becomes defi cient. Thus the child begins to form biases or preferences. According to Frances E. Aboud (1988), prejudice is not genetically inclined to happen, as it happens along with the development of the cognitive skills. In her book entitled Children and Prejudice, she asserted that at a very juvenile age, beginning 3 to 4 years, "children already notices racial distinctions, absorbs racially related images and assumptions, begin to learn and express racist ideologies (Aboud. 1988). Biases are formed due to the primary obvious aspect particularly noticed by the child at first glance, like the colour of the skin. The child absorbs everything that is perceived by the senses like sponges, and because they are incapable of discerning the right from wrong, therefore requires guidance from authority figures such as the parents. Thus the acquisition of preference among children is parallel with that of the parent's. The research further concluded that the meagre cognitive skills as well as the predisposition to ethnic preferences becomes gradually diminish as the child learns the distinction between virtues and mere peripheral. But this conjecture was opposed by Author Rupert Brown (1995), emphasizing that prejudice do not disappear with adulthood. In his book Prejudice: it's a social psychology, he said; "thirdly, and Aboud (1988) has noted, there had been some marked changes in measured prejudice level in adults over the past 40 years and yet recent studies of children's ethnic prejudice have shown that children below the age of 10 still continues to manifest various kinds of bias and discrimination" (p. 154). Nevertheless, he agreed to Aboud's finding about the three-stage model in which cognition is governed solely by perception and affective process occurring until the age of five. To strengthen her claim about the correlation of cognitive development to the development of prejudice in children, Aboud, together with Amato came up with a book in 2001 entitled Developmental and socialization influence of prejudice on inter-group bias, in which it claims the existence of prejudice even at the time when the child begins to form social organization. As earlier stated

Orgniasing and managing across cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Orgniasing and managing across cultures - Essay Example As such, this report seeks to critically analyse the significance of culture in the management systems in organisations in Africa. The report will also attempt to establish if the ideas that characterise the concept of ubuntu can be applied in other cultural contexts. The philosophy of ubuntu The concept of ubuntu mainly originated from the culture of African people which puts more emphasis on social behaviours such as sharing and treating each other equally (Schultz, 2005). Ubuntu is a metaphor that describes the significance of group solidarity, morality, humanness, hospitality and understanding (Mbigi & Maree, 2005). This concept is very important on survival issues in African communities which as a result of poverty have to survive through brotherly group care and not individual self reliance. This concept is applicable to poor communities and the main idea behind it is to empower the marginalised people and the idea has been harnessed in the management of people in the organisat ions to reflect their interests. With regards to organisations, the concept of ubuntu emphasises the need to harness the solidarity tendency of the African people in developing management practices and approach. Western and African cultures are very different and behaviour of people from these places is also different. In Africa, the philosophy of extended family is given priority while in western cultures, emphasis is on the nuclear family and the individual and competition is encouraged. From an African perspective, reality of underdevelopment cannot be ignored and ubuntu can be possible because of the individuals in the group who collectively pull their efforts towards the attainment of set organisational goals. This philosophy can be harnessed in the nation building process and in the workplace. By gaining a full and deep understanding of the cultural and philosophical basis of the people in a business team or community, one is better positioned to harness their energies (Boon, 2006). One can synergise the operations of an organisation towards a shared vision and comprehend interdependence through the adoption of the ubuntu philosophy in managing business. Without a deep cultural understanding, it may be difficult to coordinate the efforts of the people towards the attainment of the set goals. Managing diversity Africa is comprised of people from diverse cultural backgrounds and these people are often unique and different from the others. The cultural diversity concept of human resources (HR) posits to the effect that the leaders must emerge from the workplace to motivate and direct workforce towards the attainment of the set goals (Grobler et al 2006). Managing diversity in the workplace has become an important part of HRM. Every individual is unique but at the same time we share common characteristics with other people. Therefore, diversity in the workplace means recognising in a positive way that groups of people share common characteristics and others have different characteristics (Kleynhans et al 2007). Thus, the HR professional has a duty help the organisation to comply or go along with the legislation that prevents unfair practices or discrimination because of these differences between people. The concept of ubuntu comes in handy to solve problems likely to be related to managing diversity at the workplace. Managing diversi

Personality inventories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personality inventories - Essay Example uestions can be answered in a variety of ways designed so that the respondent's instinctive response would be the indicator of how they are most likely to respond to a situation, 8) answering truthfully will give the best profile for the respondent's personality (UNSW, 2003). The Big Five Theory was developed by Costa and McCrae (1988). The five components are used to assess personality traits. The five factors include: Extroversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, and Neuroticism. Since they are considered as relatively stable traits, they are used to described variances in human personality. Extroversion measures the volition to seek the company of others and outside stimulation. This factor deals with social skills, how a person relates with other people, confidence in society, assertiveness, empathy towards others and warmth. Conscientiousness demonstrates the desire to achieve, self-discipline, and responsibility.

Reflective learning report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective learning report - Essay Example I also ensured that I led the accounting department as a team. Team work certainly helped us since; we could generate ideas more quickly and also come up with solutions to various problems faced in the course of work. This had a lot of impact on the people I was working with since; they also learnt to be hard working and relate well with their colleagues. The impact on the outcome of work was also positive since, through my department, the organization made investments that were successful and profitable. The learning model that was hugely beneficial in my work is the experimental psychology model (Knowles, 2012, 9). I had drawn down the model and purposed to follow it step by step in order to achieve my desired objectives. I was self-motivated and was also motivated by the goals and objectives that I had set for myself and the company. My fellow colleagues also motivated me to work harder in order to achieve the set goals. My perception also profoundly affected my way of work since; at times I perceived things different from the rest of the employees and thus ended up making mistakes. I also purposed to acquire all the necessary skills for my work in order to achieve my set goals. I then assessed my performance through analyzing the improvements of the company. This way, I would know that I had made an impact on the workplace and other people too. Substantive Topic Applied: Team Work Team and group work immensely assisted in the success of work at Vital Company. This is because; with the accounts of the company being so vast, we had to divide ourselves into different groups in order to meet the time limit of preparing the financial statements. Members decided to form groups consisting of ten members each in order to accommodate all the members. Each group had a leader to coordinate it and a secretary to take notes. Each group would then set its own goals which it wanted to achieve at the end of the financial period. However, all groups agreed to be meeting at the same time in order to ensure that each group met. After a certain period, each group analyzed its performance and development through analyzing its forming, storming, norming and performing areas (Belbin, 2012, 65). Team work also assisted in the success of the company since; there was a better decision making, and coverage of large quantity of work within a short period (Maddux & Wingfield, 2003, 11). Cooperation among the group members also promoted colleague relations thus, leading to high quality work. My punctuality and social skills also increased and I learnt how to present ideas to a multitude of people. I also learnt on how to handle disagreements among a large group of people. There was also effective problem solving in the groups. Team work also made the performance feedback more meaningful because; everyone understood what was expected and could monitor the performance against the expectations. In addition, group discussions encouraged members to test their abilities and try out new ideas. This stimulated individuals to become stronger performers. In the future, one thing that I would change is the way of handling conflicts in the groups; I would ensure that conflict resolution is done by the members themselves and not by the leaders or some of the members (Cohen & Bailey, 1997, 249). I would also ensure that there is the sense of commitment in groups such

Image of death Essay Example for Free

Image of death Essay As she attempted suicide, â€Å"I am not his yet.† She is possibly tempting death as the quote â€Å"..how badly I photograph†, suggests death may have been stalking her and Plath is possibly taunting him back as he insults her, or it may also be that Plat is not ready for her death photograph yet. Plath shocks the reader by talking about children in coffins in such a matter of fact manner, â€Å"He tells me how sweet the babies look in their hospital icebox†, paradox, as the beautiful and ‘sweet’ children are linked to death, â€Å"Ionian death gowns†, again Plath contradicts the beauty of the gowns with the horrifying image of death. Plath uses simple but very harsh descriptions to portray death amongst children, â€Å"two little feet† very graphic in a simplistic way. Plath explains death is in two forms, a traditional view of death and the other one a more modern view of death. She portrays the death as very laid back, â€Å"He does not smile or smoke† as before cool people, celebrities and models smoked, so people followed them but death does not as he’s not trying to be popular. The â€Å"other† death Plath describes with â€Å"hair long and plausive† and also suggest that this death does smoke â€Å"the other does that† giving this death a more positive feel, making him more modern and more appealing. An act of masturbation, seen as a powerful act as it’s done alone â€Å"Masturbating a glitter† almost as if Plath is saying that death thinks he’s special as he’s masturbating a glitter, â€Å"he wants to be loved† paradox, as you can’t love death. Plath suggests the idea of rigourmortus although it’s ironic as she’s still alive â€Å"I do not stir†, or it may be Plath suggesting that she’s dead on the inside, and that her emotions may have gone stiff. In contrast to Plath’s poem â€Å"Death and Co.†, Hughes poem â€Å"Examination at the Womb-Door† emphasises on death owning existence as even as soon as you are born you face death but death still being inferior to God, as the examiner being God the questions throughout the poem are very authoritive, suggesting that Hughes may think that God has authority over death. The title could possibly be Hughes signifying the point of crossing into the physical world. It seems as if sees death as the starting point: Man has been living, just to get experience to pass an exam before God, also giving a very ominous feel to death, the ultimate fear of all mankind and a sacrilegious tone to the poem. It maybe that Hughes sees the soul as immortal as when the crow is asked â€Å"But who is stronger than death?† the crow replies â€Å" Me, evidently† as the crow is immortal due to the rebirth cycle, so despite the body’s death, the soul remains, therefore the crow is in fact stronger than death. Hughes uses negative adjectives and pronouns throughout the poem possibly to remark the deficiency of the human body against death.

Stress, Anxiety and Depression among College Students

Stress, Anxiety and Depression among College Students Stress, Anxiety and Depression among College Students Abstract Stress, depression and anxiety are major and commonly reported issue among the college students. Mostly stress and depression among college youths are cause of their educational and academics performance. Usually stress, depression and anxiety are associated with decrease in grades which effects one way or another to student’s skills and ability to perform. Most common reasons for stress, depressions and other psychological problems are time stress, failure, tough competition, academic pressure, some other problems include emotional breakdowns due to inferior feeling for other for some life is not worthy. Many students face psychological problems in a college they must be guided and counselled properly to cope up with their emotional problems and some measures must be taken like forming student counselling centres or mentors and mentee programme must be made compulsory on all colleges. Also a health committee should be formed and professionals must be hired and college must co nduct activities for student and teachers too for their psychological conditions. 1. Introduction Today, I will talk about the stress, depression, anxiety and other psychological problems among the college students all around the world. I will discuss about the problems, its symptoms, and finally the methods to prevent these psychological problems from happening. The college students are the future of our society, they represents the society investment for future thus their mental health is an important factor not only for them their own right but also for society as they are the one who are contributing for larger part of society. The psychological problems like stress, depression and anxiety among college students are increasing every year. There are many reasons for such psychological problem most common problems for these kinds of emotional disorders are greater academic demands, changes in social and family life, new and different environment. Other problems for depression and stress are time pressure, tough competitions, and pressure of academics and fear of failure. 1.1 Background: What are psychological problems? According to health websites and health professional psychological problems like stress, depression and anxiety are disorder in mood that makes us sad and hopeless for periods of time. These kind of psychological problems have significant effect on once life, work, health, his/her enjoyment and people he care about. These kind of physiological problems have impact for short time and long time, for short time psychological problems like stress and depression people feel low for some time but he is able to work and take care of daily activities. But risks are associated with long time psychological problems which sometimes turn into physical illness. There are survey which says millions of people are affected by depression, stress and anxiety every year. The main cause of these psychological problems among college students are stressful life, drugs or illness, family crisis, financial problems, for some it is due to change from their high school life, for others it may be separation from family and academic failure is also one of major cause of stress, depression and other anxiety problems. 2. Why So Stress? â€Å"Our anxiety does not empty tomorrow of its sorrows, but only empties today of its strengths† à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Charles H. Spurgeon Student forms the base of any society’s future, their wellbeing is quite crucial not only to themselves, but also to the society. Psychological problems in the college students are becoming quite big and needs to be taken care off. These problems varies between 2% to 5% of total student’s populace. (Young, 1978) There are various reason why stress occurs among the students. First and foremost is the fear of academic excellence, often student fear of getting lower marks than expected. This is quite widespread, as practically marks will always be lower than what is expected. Other stresses might be due to changing environment from high school to college, being away from home. It has been observed that the stress, anxiety and depression among the students in second year is way more than that was in the first year, this is primarily due to the increase in the load and complexities of the subjects to be learned. (Eisenberg D, 2007) This further gives an implication that proceeding to the further years will exert more pressure on the student and so the stress will be more. 2.1 Causes of Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Students: Fear of academic excellence. Living away from the family. Feeling of isolation and loneliness. Conflicting Relationship. Increasing complexities in the academics. Financial condition. 2.2 Symptoms of Stress, Anxiety and Depression: Stress and anxiety often leads to depression, it is important to identify whether a student is having depression or not. It is recommended to consult a doctor. Doctor will ask following question to determine whether you are stressing over something. (Farnsworth, 1970) Any history of depression cases. Depression cases in family Medication history. Whether using drugs or alcohol. Negative thoughts of suicide and death. 2.3 Treating Stress, Anxiety and Depression: Often institutions provide medication to the students to overcome depression. The mediation for such stress and depression includes only two effective treatments, antidepressants and psychotherapy. However there might also be the case where a combination of both the two treatment methods can be found. (McArthur, 1961) 2.3.1 Antidepressants: Antidepressants in medical terms works on neurotransmitters. They are some specific compounds alter the way brain works and regulate mood. However it must be used with caution, as exact ways are quite uncertain, how it would work. 2.3.2 Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy is the most recommended way of treating stress and depression. It involves changing the psychology or the thought process of the individual to permanently remove the negative thoughts. There are two ways by which this can be done, which are cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). CBT helps an individual to change the thought process. It includes several sessions to change the way the individual thinks, which consequently moves him out of the depression. While, IPT is used for more serious cases, includes conflicting relationships and other serious personal problems. 2.4 Preventive Measures to be taken by Educational Institutions: Workshops and seminars should be conducted, to identify the students having psychological problems of stress and depression. Institutions should mandatorily have counselling centres to keep a track of thought process of the students. A survey or poll to be conducted to get a scalable insight of the psychological problems among the students. Once the students with such psychological problems are found, respective ways of psychotherapy should be implemented on them. (Mowbray CT, 2006) 2.5 Summary: Stress, anxiety and depression is quite widespread in the student’s community. This is due to various facts such as academic pressure, personal relationships, environmental changes etc. It was found that the quantity of students suffering from the psychological disorders was varying between 2% to 50%. There are some measure that can be taken by the institutional organisation, as discussed in the section 2.4. The most recommended way to treatment of psychological disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression is Psychotherapy. However in more serious cases there could be a combination of psychotherapy and antidepressants. Conclusion Problems like stress, depression and anxiety are serious issue not only for college students but also for us and we should always protect ourselves from getting such a serious and stressful disease. One must be ready to ask for support of his/her family or friends for help. These are dangerous disease thus one must be ready to take support and mentoring as early and appropriately. College must create more affective and war environment for its student to better cope up with the system and adapt it rather than getting depressed and emotionally breaking and getting psychological problems. For psychological well-being of college students health education programs and mentoring should be added to its curriculum and closer attention should also be paid on the teaching methods of institution, teachers and their teaching process. References Eisenberg D, G. S. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 534-542.Studied to know the fact and figures of anxiety, strees and depression in students Farnsworth, D. (1970). Mental health and social change. Ann. Int. Med., 467-472.Studied to analyse effect of social environment change on student McArthur, G. B. (1961). Problems Connected with Studying Cf: Emotional. Appleton-Century Crafts.Studied to analyse students thought process Mowbray CT, M. D. (2006). Campus mental health services: recommendations for change. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 226-237.Studied to analyse what institutions can do Young, A. B. (1978). College blues. Psychology Today, 80-82.Studied to analyse college environement in various years

Kalevala Koru :: essays research papers

Kalevala Koru Introduction The history of Kalevala jewellery went back to the Association of Kalevala Women who aimed to safeguard ancient Finnish culture tradition. Making-making was regarded by them as one way to honour national history and culture heritage as well as one way to raise funds for the Association of Kalevala Women. The name Kalevala came from the national epic because of its strong connection Established in 1937, Kalevala Jewellery started to produce jewellery in 1940. In 1940s, though facing difficulties of lacking raw materials and skilful workforce in production, the jewellery sold very well both at home and abroad partly due to the fact that demand exceeded supply, partly due to its attendances at jewellery exhibitions which enlarged its brand fame. 1950s saw the steady growth of Kalevala till 1960s, however modern jewellery gained an increasing market share at the same time. In the early 70s situation improved a bit then replaced by a sliding down at the end of the decade till the beginning of 80s when the Association had to give financial aid to help it out. Then thanks to a change in fashion in the mid-80s, Kalevala won over new customers when young women wanted big, ethnic jewellery. The main product ranges of Kalevala were ancient and archaeological jewellery, historical jewellery and modern jewellery. Bronze was used as main raw materials to make jewellery, next was silver and then gold. Bronze jewellery contributed a large part of total production (70%). The silver and gold works accounted for 22 % and 8 % respectively. Almost the entire Kalevala jewellery range was available in both bronze and silver. Every year over 400 models were being produced, of which most were available in various forms, like pendants, earrings, necklaces, brooches, rings for girls and tiepins and cufflinks for men. The production process was so labour-intensive that in 1996 85 out of 143 employees worked for production section. With the joining of new CEO, Kalevala stepped into a new stage. By motivating employees, investing in production machines and R&D, focusing on three market segments which targeted young women, working women and loyal users and improving customer services which included re-adjusting salesmen’ attitude towards retailers, automating administrative work, adapting to a changing environment, Marja Usvasalo managed to achieve best performances in the period from 4/1995 to 3/1996 with profit increased greatly by 39% compared with previous year though it had to be reaffirmed that from 1988 till 1996 period the corporate performances had been improving.

Brazilians in Michel de Montaignes Essay Of Cannibals -- Montaigne Es

Brazilians in Michel de Montaigne's Essay "Of Cannibals" When describing native Brazilian people in his 1580 essay, â€Å"Of Cannibals,† Michel de Montaigne states, â€Å"Truly here are real savages by our standards; for either they must be thoroughly so, or we must be; there is an amazing distance between their character and ours† (158). Montaigne doesn’t always maintain this â€Å"amazing† distance, however, between savages and non-savages or between Brazilians and Europeans; he first portrays Brazilians as non-barbaric people who are not like Europeans, then as non-barbarians who best embody traditional European values, and finally as barbarians who are diametrically opposed to Europeans. First, Montaigne portrays Brazilians as non-barbaric people who are not like Europeans. He asserts, â€Å"I think there is nothing barbarous and savage in that nation†¦except that each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice† (152). Through his discussion of certain salient qualities that define these â€Å"other,† non-barbaric, Brazilian people, Montaigne actually elevates the Brazilians above Europeans. For example, he writes, â€Å"Those [Brazilian] people are wild, just as we call wild the fruits that Nature has produced by herself and in her normal course; whereas really it is those that we have changed artificially and led astray from the common order, that we should rather call wild† (152). After likening wild Brazilians to wild fruits, he implies that they both â€Å"retain alive and vigorous their genuine, their most useful and natural, virtues and properties, which we have debased in the [artificial fruits] in adapting them to gratify our corrupted taste† (152). For Montaigne, wildness and natural virtues are characteristics that are u... ...s the superiority of the former to the latter; in the second case, he greatly decreases the distance between the two groups and the level of superiority that Brazilians have over Europeans. Finally, his essay, as a whole, ultimately reinstates a great distance between the two groups, and Europeans reclaim superiority over Brazilians. Notably, in the first two cases, nature is also elevated above art, but art finally subjugates nature. Perhaps this is because Montaigne identifies with â€Å"Lycurgus and Plato†¦ [who] could [not] believe that our society could be maintained with so little artifice and human solder† (153). Montaigne’s essay suggests that he relies on the artifice of his writing and interpretations to explore and define social groups, explore and establish social hierarchies, and maintain social order in a manner that ultimately favors him and his people.

How These Bible Verses Affect Me

The Bible is a written collection of scriptures with divine inspiration to be lead and guided by the Holy Spirit. I can say that these Sacred Scriptures of God are representation of our life. â€Å"Death and life are In the power of the tongue: and they that love It shall eat the fruit thereof. † Proverbs 18:21 Every word that comes out from our mouth is powerful enough to make an impact on our life. In my own experience, I have witnessed the agony and the pain that pinches my heart every time others utter vile words without considering my feelings.Deep inside, dejection and sadness swallow up my entire being alive. Sure, jokes are funny, but there are times that they have completely crossed the line. From then on, I told myself, ‘l must stand up and fight for myself. ‘ That is why every time see people bullied by others; I was like glaring at my own reflection. I know what they feel. Ergo, I should help and reach out my hand for them. Whilst on the other hand, I r ealized that I myself too should also be mindful and watchful of the words I say, for my actions, words, and deeds will come back to me.They will reflect on my personality and will describe who I really am. As stated In the Golden Rule: â€Å"Do not do unto other hat you don't want others do unto you†. â€Å"For I am sure that neither death nor life, nor angels nor rulers, nor things present nor things to come, nor powers, nor height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord. † Romans 8:38-39 As I venture my Journey, my life, obstacles keep on blocking my way.As I step farther, hurdles and trials hinder me from going to the right path. Along my way, I may often trip and even fall flat onto the ground; but I never give up, hence continuing what I ought to be. Life Is a coin with its two sides–pleasure and pain. Only one can become visible at a time. However, remember, the other side has its turn. Problems may arouse, as well as sorrow and frustration may ramp on your elite.On the other hand, I believe that even In the darkest nights of my life, there Is always the brighter side that will help me seek for hope and give me the strength to persevere and overcome all of these. Nevertheless, they would not be possible without the presence of the love of God in Jesus Christ, our Lord. His unconditional love gives me strength, wisdom, hope, and the spirit to surpass all these hindrances that comes beneath me. My elite, bounded by in his spirit, is always present in our midst, thus, will never separate me from Him.He is the savior that will guide and save me from being lost. These two verses, analogous to what I experienced and learned, gave a huge impact in my life. I should respect the people around me and should treat each other equally. If you ask me, one should never hurt others; and never say words that will offend them. God is always there for me, guiding, helping and never leaving my side. No one can separate me from God, for being with Him is my destiny and that will be my way towards salvation.

Alcohol Dementia

The difference between alcohol dementia and dementia is that alcohol dementia is a form of dementia caused by a long term use of alcohol and excessively drinking to the point where the individual suffers from memory loss due to neurological damage to the brain. With dementia there is the person does not suffer from alcohol abuse. Alcohol dementia can cause very serious brain complications and ten percent of patients diagnosed with alcohol dementia have a history of extended alcohol abuse.People that suffer from dementia also suffer from memory loss but not due to abuse of alcohol or other drugs. With dementia you have a serious loss of your cognitive ability, this is also like the old age illness known as Alzheimer’s disease. These symptoms result from a brain injury in the past, or a progressive injury or even if you are suffering from a disease in the body. It is found that people that are diagnosed with cancer are soon later diagnosed with dementia as time passes.Long term consequences from both of these illnesses are very severe. Patients suffer from memory loss, attention span decreasing, speaking in incomplete sentences, and also problem solving is altered drastically. Suffering from dementia reduces the ability to learn, reason with others. What might be the worst about this illness is that people can end up forgetting who their family members are. There is also loss of patterns of thoughts, feelings and activities.In the later stages of the condition, affected individuals may be disoriented in time. People suffering from dementia might not know what day of the week it is or what year. This is very severe dementia of course. At the moment, scientists have not found a cure or even a treatment to slow down the process of dementia. It may be something majority of human beings go through and old age must play a factor with the memory loss.

Law Conflicts Essay

Situational Analysis on Children in Conflict with the Law and the Juvenile Justice System Atty. Sedfrey Candelaria; Atty. Aleli Domingo; Amanda Roselle Abrera; Geo Carbonell; Ma. Victoria Cardona and Tricia Oco Adhikain Para sa Karapatang Pambata (AKAP) of the Ateneo Human Rights Center, Ateneo Law School and United Nations Children’s Fund, 1998. E-mail: ahrc@acc.aiti.admu.edu.ph/ manila@unicef.org The Philippine Senate, through Resolution No. 109 dated July 20, 1990 ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) paving the way for the Convention’s implementation at the domestic level. This afforded children the set of protective rights related to the juvenile justice system under Articles 37, 39, and 40. The Philippine Government submitted its compliance commentaries on these provisions in its Initial Report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in 1993. In response, the CRC committee submitted the following principal concerns: †¢ need for national legislation to conform with the convention †¢ need for efficient mechanisms to monitor the situation of these children in conflict with the law †¢ need for compatibility of the present juvenile justice system to the principles and provisions of the convention and other international standards The development of a situational analysis on children in conflict with the law and the juvenile justice system is deemed necessary to guide policy-makers in implementing effective programs and procedures to protect the rights of the child. Purpose of the Research Last May 7, 1997, a consultative meeting was conducted, with representatives from the five pillars of criminal justice: law enforcement, prosecution, courts, correction and the community. The main purpose was to gather more data and to validate initial observations  and analysis on the status of juvenile justice administration in the Philippines. The objectives of the research were therefore constituted as follows: †¢ To analyze data and existing studies on children in conflict with the law; †¢ To assess the current situation of the administration of juvenile justice in light of the principles and relevant provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (e.g. Articles 37, 39 and 40); and †¢ To recommend practical and achievable steps toward reforming the juvenile justice system. Methodology The research team reviewed the data covering 1993 to 1997 on various aspects of the juvenile justice process. This was derived from existing studies, surveys or reports prepared by a number of groups concerned with children in conflict with the law. These materials were supplemented by actual interviews and responses to questionnaires sent to selected institutional respondents. A series of dialogues with judges of designated courts for children’s cases were also conducted from April to June 1997. Findings The data reveals that while there are Philippine laws, rules and regulations applicable to children in conflict with the law, prosecution and trial procedures in general do not make distinctions between adult and youthful offenders facing charges before the courts. As regards the profile of the Filipino child in conflict with the law, findings show that the youthful offender is: usually male; between the ages of fourteen (14) to seventeen (17) years; an elementary graduate; a middle child from a low-income family with four (4) to six (6) members; charged with property related crimes (robbery and theft); and, exposed to drugs or gang influence. The experience of a number of youthful offenders with the various stages of the juvenile justice process reveals occasional neglect and insensitivity by duty holders. Analysis The following is a brief analysis of the three sub-sections pertaining to the legal framework and processes, institutional framework, and the narrative and statistical report. It will underscore the strengths as well the gaps of the Philippine juvenile justice system as these affect the rights of children in conflict with the law. The discussion of the Philippine legal framework and processes tend to confirm the state of legislative reform in this country, particularly in regard to juvenile justice, as observed by the Committee on the Rights of the Child. It further affirms that while there are laws protecting the rights of children in conflict with the law, Philippine legislators have yet to seriously consider reviewing existing laws. In terms of priority, existing jurisdiction of designated courts over juvenile and domestic relations cases, including cases of youthful offenders, needs to be enhanced by passing legislation on the creation of child and family courts. In line with this reorganization, procedural rules applicable to these courts will be necessary. Therefore, findings of this report on the conduct of court proceedings involving children clearly support: †¢ a move towards restructuring the jurisdiction of some lower courts ; †¢ a set of procedural rules in the handling of children’s cases; and a set of clear-cut criteria for appointment of judges to a specialized child and family court. Various surveys and studies reveal an interesting finding on the average age of youthful offenders to be mostly male and between fourteen (14) andmseventeen (17) years of age. Indeed, this is rather significant in light of the observation of the Committee on the Rights of the Child that Philippine substantive law on the age of penal responsibility is quite low (below nine (9) years). Socio-cultural factors, however, must be closely considered when reviewing the present standard contained in our penal laws and the Child and Youth Welfare Code. Other substantive rights, such as, the constitutional guarantees of an accused are adequately covered by existing laws. The application and practice of these rights in favor of children facing the justice system do not seem to be monitored effectively by the key institutions of the juvenile justice system. An example is the lack of quantitative and qualitative data from the enforcement and judicial sectors concerning compliance with the constitutional and CRC standards on the rights of the youthful offenders at the apprehension, investigation, and trial stages. Selected incidents of violations of the rights of some children arrested, investigated and tried before the courts, as narrated in this report, tend to suggest that there may be more of these incidents in practice occurring at various stages of the juvenile justice process. Non-observance of the CRC standards may be attributed to inadequate training and lack of sensitivity of some law enforcement personnel, prosecutors and even judges in handling of cases of children in conflict with the law. Given the limits of the existing procedural system dealing with youthful offenders, police, prosecutors and judges have sufficient discretion occasionally to ensure that the procedural laws aim at diversion measures rather than passively allow an investigation or judicial process to proceed. It has been emphasized in the said report that every measure be taken to avoid placing the child within the often stressful environment of litigation. Sometimes, this is even aggravated by the protracted delays in the disposition of cases contrary to conventional standards of speedy justice. A more disturbing reality is the unfortunate condition faced by most detained and sentenced youthful offenders in public jails and similar institutions.  Despite clearly stated guidelines, laws and policies regarding the treatment of detained and sentenced juveniles, there exists a startling disregard for a most basic standard. Such is the segregation of children from adult offenders inside detention centers or jails. This continues to stand out as a sore thumb in our review of existing practices on this issue. The objectives of the juvenile justice system could easily be eroded by this situation of youth offenders in detention or those serving sentence. Neither do most physical facilities and development opportunities for detained or sentenced children adequately meet the standards set by the CRC and related U.N. guidelines. The budget allocated by the government for food and other basic necessities hardly promotes the standard to meet all the requirements of health and human dignity. Rehabilitation programs through (non-institutional) community-based services are being resorted to more often by DSWD. This is a move towards the right direction. However, support services are needed in the form of financial assistance, education, and employment for the returning youthful offender. Conclusions One of the remarkable contributions of the CRC to the issue of juvenile justice is the emphasis made on the impact of societal conditions on the growth and development of a child. Several factors contribute to a child’s transformation either into an accomplished member of society or one who finds himself or herself in conflict with the law. Within the context of duties and responsibilities, it may be argued that those with the primary right and duty in the rearing of a child deserve the unqualified support of the State authorities and institutions through the creation of an environment conducive to the wholesome development of a child. This research has confirmed that the situation of children in conflict with the law was better understood when viewed not only within the limited context of the commission of the crime itself. Instead, it focused more directly on the failure of some duty-holders to provide for an environment  that can promote the fullest potential of a child. A convergence of circumstances more often places the child in a situation leading to the commission of a crime. A dysfunctional family relationship, poverty or peer influence create conditions which may push the youth towards conflict with the law. In the Philippine juvenile justice system, the child generally enjoys guarantees distinguishable from adults. However, the judicial process itself, consisting of the criminal procedure and the rules of admissibility of evidence, does not provide an exclusive mode of conducing trial. The juveniles, as accused before courts of general jurisdiction, are designated to a juvenile and domestic relations court. There is a general impression that the revival of exclusive child and family courts may be contribute towards effective management of cases of youthful offenders. The experience of some Filipino youthful offenders with the justice system has been characterized occasionally with neglect and insensitivity by a number of judges, prosecutors and private lawyers, notwithstanding the well-entrenched judicial guarantees. This is not to overlook, however, the recent efforts of inter-agency task forces aimed at raising awareness of the legal profession on the conditions of children in conflict with the law. Society’s attitude towards returning youthful offenders or those in community-based rehabilitation programs is crucial in successfully reintegrating these children. The present report underscores the vulnerability of those youthful offenders staying in â€Å"closed† institutions and prisons. Recommendations After careful analysis and investigation of the situation of children in conflict with the law and realizing the many gaps of the Philippine juvenile justice system, the following recommendations were drawn: †¢ Law enforcement officers, prosecutors, judges, court social welfare officers, public attorneys and legal aid groups should be given orientation seminars  on international human rights instruments and child-related laws with emphasis on juvenile justice †¢ Government agencies and institutions engaged in defending youthful offenders should coordinate their efforts in providing protection to these children by establishing a common monitoring system covering the various stages of the juvenile justice system process. †¢ Specialized juvenile and domestic relations courts should be created. †¢ Support programs for streetchildren and other similarly vulnerable children should be increased as preventive measures. †¢ More facilities exclusively for children who are detained and sentenced should be constructed to prevent mingling with adult offenders. †¢ Community awareness of and involvement in non-institutional rehabilitation programs and services should be enhanced. †¢ Non-governmental organizations engaged in multi-disciplinary outreach programs with children in conflict with the law should form a network to maximize extension of assistance of these children. †¢ A comprehensive review of existing laws and procedures on juvenile justice in light of the CRC and other international standard-setting instruments affecting children in conflict with the law should be undertaken for purposes of law reform.

Essay Sample on Proteomics What is the Interest for Researchers

Essay Sample on Proteomics What is the Interest for Researchers Proteins are a basic building block of life on earth. They are the molecules that provide structure, produce energy, and allow communication, movement and reproduction within a cell. They, along with carbohydrates, amino acids, and phospholipids, are the key macromolecules that make up organisms. The body of proteins that make up an organism is referred to as its proteome. Proteomics is the study of these proteomes, including the identification of the proteins and their physiological functions. The study of proteomics had declined in recent years, but the inception of the Human Genome Project ten years ago revived interest for many researchers. Since then, the proteomes of numerous organisms have been determined. The Human Genome Project determined that the human body contains 30,000 genes. This translates to anywhere from 300,000 to one million possible proteins. The importance of proteomics largely lies in drug design and synthesis. Hopefully, new disease markers and drug targets can be identified that will help design products to prevent, diagnose and treat disease. This cannot be accomplished without knowledge of the proteome, however. A protein is a biological polymer that usually consists of hundreds of amino acid monomers. The general structure of an amino acid is a carbon atom to which four functional groups are bonded. Three of the groups include a hydrogen atom, an amine group, and a carboxylic acid group. The fourth group, or ‘R’ group, is a hydrocarbon chain. This R group is unique to each particular amino acid and is what determines one amino acid from another. The primary structure of a protein is its linear sequence of amino acids bound by peptide bonds between a nitrogen atom of one monomer and a carbon atom of another. Disulfide bonds between cysteine residues within the molecule stabilize it. This structure determines the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of the protein as well. Proteins are highly specialized, and a single change in an amino acid monomer can result in a completely different function, or no function at all for the protein. Thus, the primary structure is of utmost importance. The secondary structure of proteins consists of the primary structure formed into two possible regular structures. These are an alpha helix or a pleated sheet. These structures can organize themselves in a repeating fashion or randomly. Disulfide bonds determine the secondary structure, while hydrogen bonding also stabilizes the conformation. A protein’s tertiary structure is the overall 3-D configuration of the complete protein. Amino acid residues that are far apart in a primary structure can have steric relationships in 3-D form, and the tertiary structure considers this. The tertiary structure is the most thermodynamically stable for the protein in a certain environment; it can change with environmental changes. This is how proteins are denatured. A protein may consist of several subunits. The quaternary structure of a protein is made up of all of these subunits bound together by electrostatic and hydrogen bonds. Multisubunit proteins are called oligomers and all of the component parts are monomers or subunits. Proteins may also contain non-amino acid functional structures such as a lipid or a carbohydrate. In order for proteins to be studied, they must first be isolated. In one dimension, the proteins are separated by charge based on their isoelectric points. The migration of different proteins in an electrically charged environment of graduated pH can separate them when their isoelectric points are different. The proteins move toward the pH at which they have no net charge. The main way this has been achieved is through 2-D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or 2-D PAGE. This experiment can achieve the separation of several thousand different proteins in one gel, while high resolution 2-D PAGE can resolve up to 10,000 proteins per gel. Coomassie blue, silver, and SYPRO Ruby Red stains are typically used to visualize the proteins’ migrations. Mass spectrometry is a technique used for the determination of the mass of a compound; however, it is also useful in protein identification. The spectrometer ionizes the protein, and this charged molecule is sent into an analyzer on the basis of charge repulsion. This analyzer resolves the proteins based on their mass to charge ratio, thus separating them. The detector passes the information to the computer for analysis and identification. Fragmentation can cause problems in protein separation, so ionization methods that minimize formation of fragments are most useful. These methods include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization, or MALDI and electrospray ionization, or ESI. Once a protein has been isolated, its structure must be determined. Secondary and tertiary protein structures can be found by two methods: X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Both methods require that the protein be better than 95% pure for the best results, so the isolation methods are extremely important. The experimental technique can include gel or column separation, dialysis, differential centrifugation, salting out, or HPLC. The choice and order of experiments is modified to suit the protein of interest. In order to study a protein’s structure through X-ray crystallography, it must be crystallized. The most common methods of crystallization are batch methods and vapor diffusion. A supersaturated solution is formed which causes the protein to associate with other protein molecules. The formation of this solution often requires the addition of precipitants such as polyethylene glycol or certain salts. The identification of the amino acids in the protein are again important here, since they can determine the exact reagents and chemical and physical conditions used to crystallize the protein. The crystals are then mouted and snap frozen. This is accomplished by exposing them to cryogenic liquid or gas. In X-ray crystallography, the crystals are subjected to X-rays containing a heavy metal atom. This method can determine the protein’s secondary and tertiary structure. The X-rays are scattered by the crystal in a pattern unique to the protein. One drawback is that the radiation can damage or backscatter; keeping the crystals supercooled minimizes this side effect and allows the crystals to be stored and reused. A model of the protein is then constructed using the data translated into electron density maps. This method is highly important in drug design, since it is very precise and can reveal crucial structural data. Nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR, spectroscopy involves the alignment of nuclear dipoles of a sample in a magnetic field. These dipoles can change orientation back and forth in a magnetic field and absorb and emit energy for each turn. The spectrometer contains an antenna within the magnet; radio waves are pulsed by this antenna through the magnet. The sample absorbs these pulses as energy and then emits them sometime later. This time is measured and stored on the computer. Most often, pulse sequences are used that take advantage of the strong nuclear dipole of the hydrogen nucleus. The information gained from this experiment allows researchers to map the chemical bond connectivity and the spatial orientation of the proteins. This method is particularly useful in determining the function of active sites on enzymes. NMR spectroscopy has several advantages over X-ray crystallography. One is that NMR requires no crystallization in order for the protein’s structure to be studied. Currently, this method can resolve proteins with molecular weights up to 30,000 Daltons; it is predicted that structures with molecular weights of up to 100,000 Daltons can soon be determined through this method in the coming years. Another advantage is that NMR is sensitive to motions on the millisecond to second range, which can be directly studied. Even motions as small as those of the nanosecond to microsecond scale can be studied indirectly. X-ray crystallography is also an extremely time-consuming process, and the crystalline structures can be difficult to maintain. However, the greatest advantage of NMR over X-ray crystallography is NMR’s ability to reveal the details of specific structural sites without solving the entire structure. Current studies in proteomics include the research being done by biochemists at the University of Washington in Seattle. These scientists are studying environmental effects on the transcription and translation of the mRNA molecule. This is the nucleic acid that codes for the manufacture of proteins within the cell. In an earlier study, they reported the use of Translational State Array Analysis, or TSAA. This method allowed for the simultaneous study of mRNA level and translation. They chose Saccharomyces cereviciae as their model and arrested it with the temperature-sensitive cdc 15-2 allele. A control was run in which forty-eight mRNA molecules changed upon release from arrest. However, when the temperature of the cdc 15-2 allele was lowered from 37 C to 25 C, fifty-four molecules of mRNA were affected. Therefore, regulating the translational level seems to affect directly the response of yeast cells to external cues. Another study done recently again involves the use of Saccharomyces cereviciae. This study, completed at Johns-Hopkins University, attempted to investigate whether indexing a proteome according to its C-terminal sequences could be of use in functional classification of proteins. The basis for this experiment is that the protein C-termini are capable of being recognition signatures for many biochemical processes. The extent to which carboxyl terminal sequences are conserved within the proteome is unknown, but this may be related to certain biological functions and therefore has great importance. The researchers analyzed the terminal sequences of Saccharomyces cereviciae and found that known and unknown terminal sequences existed. This result supports that there may be additional carboxyl terminal signals whose biological functions are not yet known. 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